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Textile Fibers: Classification and Features

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Meta: Explore textile fiber types, from natural to synthetic, their properties, identification methods, and top applications in home textiles and clothing.
 
Textile Fibers: Classification and Features
Textile fibers are the fundamental building blocks of fabrics, shaping everything from daily wear to aerospace technology. Understanding their classification, properties, and applications is essential for designers, manufacturers, and eco-conscious consumers. 
 
This blog delves deep into textile fiber classification, features and properties, and sustainability innovations.

What Are Textile Fibers ?

Textile fibers are the basic building blocks of textile materials — they are thin, thread-like structures that are spun into yarns and then woven, knitted, or bonded to create fabrics. These fibers must have suitable characteristics such as length, strength, flexibility, durability, and the ability to be dyed to be useful in textile production.

Classification of Textile Fibers

There are many types of  textile fibers. Based on their source and chemical structure,./ they can be classified into three main categories and several subcategories. In total, there are over 40 commonly known types, but the number of mainstream commercial fibers in regular use is around 20 to 25.
     

Natural Fibers

Natural fibers are raw materials extracted from plants, animals, or minerals. They can be processed into yarns, fabrics, and other products without chemical transformation of their fundamental structure.

Unlike synthetic fibers (like polyester), natural fibers are obtained directly from nature and are typically biodegradable.
The following paragraph divided natural fibers into 3 categories: plant fibers, animal fibers and mineral fibers.

Plant Fibers

1. Cotton
Raw Material: Cotton fiber comes from the cotton plant. It grows as soft white fibers around the seeds inside a round part called a boll. When the cotton is ready, the bolls open, and the fibers are picked. These natural fibers are then cleaned and turned into yarn to make fabric.
Types of Fabrics Made from Cotton: Cotton can be woven or knitted into various types of fabric, such as:

 

Poplin – crisp and smooth, used for shirts

Twill (e.g., denim) – durable, used for jeans and jackets

Muslin – lightweight and breathable

Jersey – soft knit, used in T-shirts

Flannel – soft and brushed, used for pajamas and bedding

Canvas – heavy-duty, used for bags and workwear

Sateen – smooth and lustrous, used for sheets
 

Application Industries: Cotton fiber is widely used in:

Apparel: T-shirts, underwear, jeans, dresses, socks

Home textiles: Bed linens, towels, curtains, upholstery

Medical: Bandages, gauze, cotton swabs

Industrial: Canvas, tarpaulins, insulation

Personal care: Cotton pads, hygiene products

2. Linen
Raw Material: Linen fiber comes from the flax plant. The fibers grow inside the stem of the plant. After harvesting, the stems are soaked in water to loosen the fibers (this is called retting). Then the fibers are separated, cleaned, and spun into yarn to make fabric.
Types of Fabrics Made from Linen: Linen can be woven into different types of fabric, such as:

 

Plain-woven linen – smooth and crisp, used for shirts and tablecloths

Damask linen – patterned and elegant, used for napkins and decorative items

Loosely woven linen – breathable, used for summer clothes and towels

Linen-cotton blends – combines softness and strength, used in everyday wear
 

Application Industries:Linen fiber is widely used in:

 

Apparel: Shirts, dresses, pants, skirts, suits

Home textiles: Tablecloths, napkins, curtains, bedding

Interior design: Upholstery, cushions, wall coverings

Eco products: Reusable bags, towels, natural packaging

Art and craft: Canvas for painting, embroidery bases

3. Hemp
Raw Material: Hemp fiber comes from the stalk of the hemp plant. The outer layer of the stalk contains long, strong fibers. After harvesting, the stalks go through a process called retting to loosen the fibers. Then the fibers are separated, cleaned, and spun into yarn to make fabric.

 
Types of Fabrics Made from Hemp:Hemp can be woven or blended into different types of fabric, such as:

 

Plain hemp fabric – durable and breathable, used for shirts and bags

Hemp-cotton blends – softer with good strength, used for casual wear

Hemp-linen blends – lightweight and textured, used for summer clothes

Heavy hemp canvas – thick and tough, used for jackets and upholstery
 

Application Industries:

Hemp fiber is widely used in:

Apparel: T-shirts, pants, jackets, hats

Home textiles: Curtains, bed sheets, rugs

Eco products: Reusable bags, napkins, cleaning cloths

Industrial: Ropes, sails, insulation, composite materials

Personal care: Towels, natural diapers, hygiene textiles

4. Ramie
Raw Material: Ramie fiber comes from the bark of the ramie plant, a flowering plant in the nettle family. The fibers are extracted from the inner bark of the stalk. After harvesting, the stalks are peeled, and the fibers are separated, cleaned, and degummed before being spun into yarn.

 
Types of Fabrics Made from Ramie: Ramie can be woven or blended into various types of fabric, such as:

 

Pure ramie fabric – crisp and strong, used for shirts and suits

Ramie-cotton blends – softer and breathable, used for casual clothing

Ramie-linen blends – textured and absorbent, used for home textiles

Fine ramie fabric – smooth and lustrous, used for blouses and dresses
 

Application Industries: Ramie fiber is widely used in:

Apparel: Summer shirts, blouses, trousers, jackets

Home textiles: Tablecloths, curtains, pillowcases

Industrial: Ropes, canvas, filter cloths

Eco products: Shopping bags, natural packaging, crafts

Traditional textiles: Often used in Asian traditional garments and fabrics

5. Coir
Raw Material: Coir fiber comes from the outer husk of coconut shells. After coconuts are harvested, the husks are soaked in water to soften the fibers (a process called retting). The fibers are then separated, cleaned, and dried before being spun into coarse yarn.

 
Types of Fabrics or Materials Made from Coir: Coir is not used for fine fabrics like cotton or linen, but it is made into strong, coarse materials, such as:

 

Coir mats – thick and durable, used for doormats and floor coverings

Coir brushes – stiff fibers used for brooms and cleaning brushes

Coir ropes and nets – strong and weather-resistant

Coir felt – compressed sheets used for insulation or padding

Application Industries: Coir fiber is widely used in:

 

Home and flooring: Door mats, carpets, rugs

Gardening and agriculture: Plant pots, soil mats, erosion control

Industrial: Mattress filling, insulation boards, packing materials

Automotive: Car seat padding, trunk liners

Eco products: Biodegradable packaging, natural fiber composites

6. Bamboo
Raw Material: Bamboo fiber comes from the bamboo, a fast-growing plant. There are two main types of bamboo fiber:

 

Natural bamboo fiber is made by mechanically crushing the plant and extracting the fibers (similar to linen or hemp).
 

Regenerated bamboo (bamboo viscose) is made by dissolving bamboo pulp and spinning it into fiber through a chemical process.
 

Types of Fabrics Made from Bamboo: Bamboo is usually processed into soft, smooth fabric, such as:

 

Bamboo viscose – silky and breathable, used for clothing and bedding

Bamboo-cotton blends – soft and durable, used in T-shirts and towels

Bamboo linen – made mechanically, more textured and eco-friendly

Bamboo fleece – warm and plush, used for baby clothes and blankets
 

Application Industries: Bamboo fiber is widely used in:

Apparel: T-shirts, underwear, socks, sportswear, baby clothes

Home textiles: Towels, bed sheets, pillowcases, blankets

Personal care: Diapers, sanitary pads, wipes

Eco products: Reusable kitchen cloths, cleaning rags

Green materials: Compostable packaging, fabric blends for sustainability

Animal Fibers

Animal fibers are natural fibers obtained from the hair, wool, or secretions of animals. These fibers are composed mainly of protein, such as keratin (in wool and hair) or fibroin (in silk). After being collected, animal fibers can be spun into yarn and woven into fabrics without chemically altering their basic structure.
Compared to plant fibers (which are cellulose-based), animal fibers are usually warmer, more elastic, and have a softer texture. They are also biodegradable and renewable.
1. Wool
Raw Material:
 
Wool comes from the fleece of sheep. The fleece is sheared from the animal, then cleaned (a process called scouring) to remove grease and dirt. After cleaning, the wool fibers are carded (aligned) and spun into yarn to make fabric.

 
Types of Fabrics Made from Wool:
 
Wool can be woven or knitted into many types of fabric, including:

Worsted wool – smooth and fine, used for suits and formal wear

Woolen fabric – soft and fuzzy, used for coats and sweaters

Tweed – thick and textured, used for jackets and skirts

Flannel wool – soft and brushed, used for shirts and pajamas

Felt – made by matting wool fibers, used for hats and crafts
 

Application Industries: Wool fiber is widely used in:

Apparel: Sweaters, suits, coats, scarves, gloves

Home textiles: Blankets, carpets, curtains, cushions

Outdoor & performance wear: Insulated clothing, socks, base layers

Craft and decor: Felting projects, wall hangings, rugs

Industrial: Sound insulation, natural stuffing, flame-resistant fabric
 

2. Silk
Raw Material: Silk fiber is produced by silkworms, mainly the Bombyx mori species. The worms spin cocoons made of a continuous silk thread. To harvest the fiber, the cocoons are carefully boiled or steamed, and the long threads are unwound, cleaned, and spun into silk yarn.

 
Types of Fabrics Made from Silk:  Silk can be woven into various luxurious and lightweight fabrics, such as:

 

Charmeuse – smooth and shiny on one side, used for dresses and lingerie

Chiffon – sheer and flowy, used for scarves and evening wear

Organza – crisp and transparent, used in bridal and formal wear

Habotai – soft and lightweight, used for linings and blouses

Taffeta – stiff and glossy, used for gowns and drapery

Silk satin – glossy and elegant, used in bedding and fashion
 

Application Industries: Silk fiber is widely used in:

 

Apparel: Dresses, shirts, ties, scarves, lingerie

Luxury home textiles: Bed sheets, pillowcases, curtains

Traditional garments: Kimonos, saris, cheongsams

Beauty and wellness: Silk sleepwear, eye masks, pillowcases

Art and crafts: Embroidery, painting on silk, costumes
 

3. Cashmere
Raw Material:
 
Cashmere fiber comes from the undercoat of cashmere goats, mainly found in cold regions like Mongolia, China, and Nepal. Each spring, the soft undercoat is combed or sheared during the goats’ natural molting season. The fibers are then cleaned and separated from coarser outer hairs before being spun into yarn.
Types of Fabrics Made from Cashmere:
 
Cashmere is known for its softness and warmth, and is often used in:

Pure cashmere fabric – lightweight, soft, and warm, used for sweaters and scarves

Cashmere blends – mixed with wool or silk for added strength or shine

Fine knit cashmere – smooth and stretchy, used in T-shirts or base layers

Woven cashmere – used for shawls, coats, and high-end suits
 

Application Industries:
 
Cashmere fiber is widely used in:

Luxury apparel: Sweaters, cardigans, coats, scarves, gloves

Accessories: Shawls, wraps, hats, socks

Home textiles: Premium blankets, throws, cushion covers

High-end fashion: Designer garments and exclusive collections

4. Alpaca

 
Raw Material: Alpaca fiber comes from the fleece of alpacas, which are native to the Andes Mountains in South America. The fleece is sheared once a year, then washed to remove dirt and oils. The soft, hollow fibers are spun into yarn. Alpaca fiber is warmer and lighter than sheep wool and naturally hypoallergenic (it contains no lanolin).

 
Types of Fabrics Made from Alpaca: Alpaca can be used in both knitted and woven fabrics, such as:

 

Pure alpaca fabric – soft, warm, and slightly glossy, used for coats and scarves

Baby alpaca – extra fine and soft, used in luxury garments

Alpaca wool blends – mixed with sheep wool or silk for versatility

Brushed alpaca knit – fluffy and cozy, used in sweaters and blankets
 

Application Industries: Alpaca fiber is widely used in:

 

Apparel: Sweaters, coats, ponchos, scarves, hats

Luxury textiles: Shawls, wraps, capes

Home goods: Blankets, throws, cushion covers

Crafts and knitwear: Hand-knitting yarns, handmade garments

Sustainable fashion: Low-impact, natural fiber clothing lines
 

5. Mohair

Mohair is not the same as wool, though they are similar in some ways

 
Raw Material: Mohair fiber comes from the Angora goat, originally from Turkey but now also raised in South Africa and the U.S. The goats are sheared twice a year. The fibers are then cleaned, combed, and spun into yarn. Mohair is known for being silky, strong, and having a natural shine.

 
Types of Fabrics Made from Mohair: Mohair is often used in both pure and blended forms, such as:

 

Pure mohair fabric – smooth, shiny, and warm, used in suits and outerwear

Brushed mohair knit – soft and fuzzy, used in sweaters and scarves

Mohair blends – mixed with wool or synthetic fibers for added softness or durability

Lightweight mohair fabrics – used for luxurious layering garments
 

Application Industries:Mohair fiber is widely used in:

 

Apparel: Sweaters, cardigans, coats, suits, scarves

Luxury fashion: High-end knitwear, runway garments

Home textiles: Throws, cushion covers, decorative blankets

Crafts and specialty uses: Hand knitting, artistic textiles

Upholstery (with blends): Soft and durable furniture fabrics

Mineral Fiber

Mineral fibers are natural fibers derived from inorganic mineral sources, typically rocks or ores. The most well-known example is asbestos, which forms naturally as long, thin crystalline fibers. These fibers are composed of silicate minerals, not protein or cellulose like animal or plant fibers.
Unlike plant and animal fibers, mineral fibers are non-combustible, heat-resistant, and chemically inert. They are not flexible or soft like natural textile fibers and are mainly used in industrial applications rather than in everyday clothing.
Asbestos
Raw Material:
 
Asbestos is a natural mineral fiber found in certain types of rock. It forms long, thin crystals that can be separated into soft, flexible fibers. These fibers are heat-resistant, fireproof, and strong, which made asbestos useful in many industrial applications. However, asbestos is hazardous to health and is now banned or restricted in many countries.
 
Types of Materials Made from Asbestos:
 
Asbestos was not used in clothing fabrics like cotton or wool, but rather in technical and industrial materials, such as:
 

Asbestos cloth – heat-resistant fabric used for fire blankets and protective clothing

Asbestos insulation – used in pipes, boilers, and buildings

Asbestos cement and panels – used in construction

Brake pads and gaskets – in vehicles and machinery

Asbestos yarns and ropes – for sealing and packing in high-heat areas
 

Application Industries (historically):
 

 
Before regulations, asbestos was used in:
 

Construction: Insulation, roofing, ceiling tiles, wall panels

Automotive: Brake linings, clutches, gaskets

Shipbuilding: Fireproofing, insulation

Industrial: Furnaces, heat shields, protective suits

Textiles (technical): Firefighter suits, welding gloves, thermal blankets
 

Ancient: Woven into fireproof cloth by Greeks and Romans.
 
Modern: Widely used in 20th-century construction.
 

Ban: Causes mesothelioma/lung cancer; phased out globally since 1970s.

Replacement: Synthetic minerals (e.g., fiberglass, basalt wool).

 

Regenerated/ Semi-synthetic Fibers

Regenerated fibers, also known as semi-synthetic fibers, are made from natural raw materials—usually plant-based cellulose—that are chemically processed to form fibers. Unlike purely synthetic fibers (like polyester or nylon), regenerated fibers start with natural sources such as wood pulp, bamboo, or cotton linters, but they undergo significant chemical transformation during production.
These fibers are often biodegradable like natural fibers but have properties (such as smoothness, luster, or drape) that are enhanced by manufacturing processes. Regenerated fibers combine the benefits of both natural and synthetic worlds.

1. Viscose

Raw Material:
 

 
Viscose is made from natural cellulose, usually sourced from wood pulp (commonly from trees like beech, pine, or eucalyptus). The pulp is treated with chemicals to dissolve the cellulose, which is then forced through fine nozzles (spinnerets) to form fibers. These fibers are regenerated into a soft, silky material that feels natural but is chemically processed.
 
Types of Fabrics Made from Viscose: Viscose can be woven or knitted into smooth, breathable fabrics such as:
 

Plain viscose – soft, drapey, and smooth; used in dresses and blouses

Viscose jersey – stretch knit fabric used for tops and casual wear

Viscose crepe – textured, lightweight, and breathable

Blended viscose – mixed with cotton, polyester, or elastane for added performance

Bamboo viscose – similar process but uses bamboo pulp as the source

 
Application Industries: Viscose is widely used in:
 

Fashion apparel: Dresses, skirts, blouses, linings, scarves

Home textiles: Curtains, upholstery, bed linens

Non-wovens: Wipes, hygiene products

Accessories: Shawls, scarves, fashion trims

2. Modal

Raw Material: Modal is a regenerated cellulose fiber made mainly from beech tree pulp. Like viscose, it involves chemically processing the pulp to extract cellulose, which is then turned into fiber. However, modal is typically produced using a more eco-friendly process, resulting in a fiber that is stronger, softer, and more absorbent than standard viscose.
 
Types of Fabrics Made from Modal: Modal is known for its smooth, silky feel and excellent drape. Common fabric types include:
 

Modal jersey – soft, breathable knit used for T-shirts and underwear

Woven modal – used for dresses, skirts, and loungewear

Modal blends – often blended with cotton, spandex, or polyester for added stretch and durability

Brushed modal – ultra-soft version used for pajamas and base layers
 

Application Industries: Modal is widely used in:
 

Apparel: T-shirts, underwear, leggings, dresses, sleepwear

Home textiles: Bed sheets, pillowcases, towels

Athleisure: Soft performance wear, yoga clothing

Eco-conscious fashion: Brands that value sustainable and biodegradable materials

3. Lyocell (Tencel)

Raw Material: Lyocell is a regenerated cellulose fiber made from wood pulp, usually sourced from sustainably grown eucalyptus, beech, or spruce trees. What sets Lyocell apart is its closed-loop production process, where the solvent used to dissolve the pulp is non-toxic and almost entirely recycled, making it one of the most eco-friendly semi-synthetic fibers available.
 
Types of Fabrics Made from Lyocell: Lyocell fabrics are soft, breathable, and moisture-wicking, with a smooth finish. Common forms include:
 

Lyocell woven fabric – lightweight and drapey, used for dresses and shirts

Lyocell knits – soft and stretchy, perfect for T-shirts and loungewear

Brushed lyocell – ultra-soft finish for pajamas and bedding

Lyocell blends – often combined with cotton, wool, or spandex for added texture or stretch
 

Application Industries: Lyocell is widely used in:
 

Apparel: Dresses, shirts, activewear, underwear, denim

Home textiles: Bed sheets, pillowcases, duvet covers

Athleisure and eco-fashion: Lightweight and breathable activewear

Luxury basics: Smooth-feel loungewear, high-end essentials

Personal care and hygiene: Baby wipes, biodegradable masks

4. Bamboo Viscose

Raw Material: Bamboo viscose is a regenerated cellulose fiber made from bamboo pulp. The process is similar to regular viscose: bamboo stalks are crushed and pulped, then chemically treated to extract cellulose, which is spun into fibers. Although bamboo is a fast-growing and renewable plant, the chemical process used in traditional bamboo viscose production is not always eco-friendly unless properly managed.
 
Types of Fabrics Made from Bamboo Viscose: Bamboo viscose is known for its soft, silky texture, excellent moisture absorption, and natural antibacterial properties. It can be used in:
 

Bamboo viscose jersey – soft and breathable, used in T-shirts and loungewear

Woven bamboo fabrics – lightweight and drapey, used for dresses and sleepwear

Bamboo blends – often mixed with cotton or spandex for durability and stretch

Brushed bamboo fabric – ultra-soft, great for baby clothes and bedding

 
Application Industries:Bamboo viscose is used in:
 

Apparel: T-shirts, underwear, yoga wear, sleepwear

Baby products: Onesies, blankets, burp cloths

Home textiles: Towels, bed sheets, pillowcases

Sustainable fashion: Eco-brands promoting plant-based materials

Hygiene and personal care: Wipes, sanitary products, diapers

5. Cupro

Raw Material: Cupro (short for cuprammonium rayon) is a regenerated cellulose fiber made from cotton linter—the short, fluffy fibers that stick to cotton seeds and are usually considered waste. The cellulose is dissolved in a copper and ammonia solution, then regenerated into fine, silky fibers. Though derived from natural cotton waste, the production involves chemical processing, making it a semi-synthetic fiber.
 
Types of Fabrics Made from Cupro: Cupro is known for its luxurious drape, silky texture, and breathability. It is often used as a vegan alternative to silk. Common fabric forms include:
 

Cupro satin – smooth, glossy fabric for dresses and linings

Cupro twill – soft and fluid, used in high-end fashion

Cupro blends – often combined with viscose, TENCEL™, or polyester for strength and cost-efficiency

Lightweight cupro – sheer and breathable for layering garments
 

Application Industries: Cupro is used in:
 

Fashion apparel: Blouses, dresses, skirts, linings, scarves

Luxury wear: Eveningwear, resort wear, premium basics

Vegan fashion: As a silk substitute in ethical clothing lines

Home textiles (limited): Drapes or decorative textiles with a soft sheen

6. Acetate

Raw Material: Acetate is a regenerated cellulose fiber made from wood pulp or cotton linters, which are treated with acetic acid and other chemicals to form cellulose acetate. This chemical transformation gives acetate its silky texture and lustrous appearance. It is one of the earliest semi-synthetic fibers developed and is often used as a silk alternative.
 
Types of Fabrics Made from Acetate: Acetate fabrics are smooth, lightweight, and have excellent drape. Common types include:
 

Acetate satin – glossy and elegant, used for formal wear

Acetate taffeta – crisp and structured, used in evening wear

Acetate lining fabric – smooth and breathable, widely used in jackets and suits

Acetate blends – mixed with rayon, silk, or polyester for better durability
 

Application Industries: Acetate is used in:
 

Fashion apparel: Blouses, skirts, dresses, evening gowns

Linings: For coats, suits, jackets, and handbags

Accessories: Scarves, neckties, lingerie trims

Home décor (limited): Drapery and decorative fabrics

Other uses: Cigarette filters (made from cellulose acetate)

Synthetic Fibers

Synthetic fiber is a man-made fiber made from oil-based materials.They're strong, durable, cheap, and used in clothes, carpets, and industrial products. However, they shed microplastics and don't biodegrade easily, which is not that environmentally friendly like natural fibers.
 

1. Polyester(Polyethylene Terephthalate)


 
 

Introduction: The most prevalent synthetic fiber globally, known for exceptional durability and versatility. Constitutes approximately 60% of clothing fibers and 28% of home textiles.

Synthetic Material: Polymer derived from petroleum-based ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.

Applications:
 

Clothing: Sportswear (moisture-wicking properties), wrinkle-resistant shirts, jackets.

Home Textiles: Bedding, curtains, upholstery fabrics.

Industrial: Tire reinforcements, conveyor belts, industrial hoses.

Technical: Geotextiles for soil stabilization, medical implant fabrics.
 

2. Nylon (Polyamide)


 

Introduction: First commercial synthetic fiber, renowned for high strength-to-weight ratio and elasticity.

Synthetic Material: Polyamide chains synthesized from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine.

Applications:
 

Apparel: Hosiery, swimwear, lingerie, wind-resistant outerwear.

Home Textiles: Carpets (75% of nylon production), upholstery.

Industrial: Fishing nets, parachutes, climbing ropes.

Technical: Airbag fabrics, tire cords for aviation.
 

3. Acrylic (Polyacrylonitrile)


 

Introduction: Wool-like fiber offering thermal insulation at lower cost, with superior colorfastness.

Synthetic Material: Polymerized acrylonitrile monomers.

Applications:
 

Knits: Sweaters, blankets, faux fur textiles .

Outdoor Gear: Cold-weather protective clothing, tent linings.

Industrial: Filtration fabrics, protective equipment linings.

Specialty: Carbon fiber precursor for aerospace composites.
 

4. Spandex (Polyurethane-Polyurea)


 

Introduction: Elastic fiber providing 500-700% stretch capacity without deformation.

Synthetic Material: Segmented polyurethane blocks with glycol/diisocyanate.

Applications:
 

Activewear: Athletic leggings, swimsuits, cycling shorts.

Medical: Compression garments, surgical support stockings.

Intimate Apparel: Bra straps, supportive undergarments.
 

5. Polypropylene (Olefin)


 

Introduction: Lightweight (0.91 g/cm³), hydrophobic fiber with chemical resistance.

Synthetic Material: Polymerized propylene gas.

Applications:
 

Outdoor Textiles: Marine ropes, artificial turf, moisture-wicking base layers.

Home: Indoor/outdoor carpets, non-absorbent bath mats.

Medical: Disposable surgical gowns, face masks.
 

6. Polyvinyl Alcohol (Vinalon)


 

Introduction: High-tensile fiber with superior water solubility when untreated.

Synthetic Material: Polyvinyl acetate hydrolyzed to PVA.

Applications:
 

Industrial: Water-soluble embroidery backings, fishing nets.

Medical: Dissolvable surgical sutures, drug delivery textiles.
 

7. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC Fiber)


 

Introduction: Flame-retardant fiber with dielectric properties.

Synthetic Material: Chlorinated ethylene polymers.

Applications:
 

Protective Gear: Fire-resistant workwear, welding blankets.

Infrastructure: Anti-corrosion pipe wrap textiles, industrial filtration.
 

8.Emerging Fibers


 

Polylactic Acid (PLA): Bio-based fiber from corn starch, used in biodegradable medical textiles.

Aramid: High-strength fibers for ballistic vests and aerospace composites 

By Physical Structure

 
Textile fibers can also be categorized by their physical structure, which influences how they are processed, spun, and used in various applications. The three main structural forms are: staple fibers, filaments, and specialty forms. This classification is based on fiber length, continuity, and performance characteristics.
Each form plays a distinct role in textile manufacturing and product design.
 

1. Staple Fibers


 
Definition: Staple fibers are short-length fibers, either natural (like cotton and wool) or synthetic cut into short segments. These fibers are twisted together to form yarn, creating fabrics with a soft, matte texture.
 
Raw Materials:
 

Natural: Cotton (plant), Wool (animal), Flax (linen)

Synthetic: Polyester (cut into staple form), Acrylic, Viscose
 

Key Characteristics:
 

Good cohesion for spinning

Softer, bulkier feel

Often used in products that require warmth or texture
 

Application Industries:
 

Apparel: T-shirts, denim, sweaters, socks

Home Textiles: Flannel bedding, towels, upholstery

Industrial: Insulation materials, felt
 

2. Filament Fibers


 
Definition: Filament fibers are continuous fibers of indefinite length. They can be naturally occurring (like silk) or manufactured (like polyester and nylon).
 
Raw Materials:

Natural Filament: Silk (from silkworms)

Synthetic Filament: Polyester, Nylon, Rayon, Lyocell
 

Key Characteristics:

Smooth, strong, and lustrous

Can be textured or twisted for different effects

Suitable for lightweight and high-sheen fabrics
 

Application Industries:

Apparel: Lingerie, evening gowns, linings

Home Textiles: Satin sheets, curtains

Technical Textiles: High-performance sportswear, parachutes
 

3. Specialty Forms


 
Definition: Specialty fibers are engineered or naturally structured to deliver specific performance characteristics, such as elasticity, flame resistance, or high strength.
 
Types & Raw Materials:
 

Elastic Fibers

Example: Spandex (Elastane)

Raw Material: Polyurethane-based synthetic polymer

Properties: High stretch and recovery

Used In: Sportswear, leggings, undergarments
 

High-Tensile Fibers

Example: Aramid

Raw Material: Aromatic polyamides

Properties: Extreme strength, flame resistance

Used In: Bulletproof vests, aerospace, firefighter suits
 

Microfibers

Example: Ultra-fine polyester or nylon

Properties: Lightweight, soft, moisture-wicking

Used In: Cleaning cloths, activewear, soft furnishings
 

Application Industries:

Protective Textiles: Military gear, industrial uniforms

Athleisure & Performance Wear: Stretchable and breathable clothing

Specialty Home Textiles: Anti-bacterial bedding, microfiber towels

Core Fiber Properties Decoded

Understanding fiber performance is essential for selecting the right material for specific applications. Textile fibers can be evaluated across three core categories: Mechanical Performance, Functional Properties, and Chemical Behavior. Each property impacts how the fiber performs during processing, use, and care.

Mechanical Performance

These properties determine how a fiber behaves under physical forces such as stretching, pulling, and rubbing.

Tensile Strength (resistance to breaking when pulled)

Silk > Nylon > Cotton > Wool

Natural silk and synthetic nylon offer superior strength, making them ideal for lightweight but durable fabrics.
 

Elasticity / Stretch Recovery (ability to return to original length after stretching)

Spandex: 500–700% stretch recovery

Cotton: 3–5% recovery

Spandex excels in activewear and tight-fitting garments due to its exceptional elasticity.

Abrasion Resistance (resistance to surface wear)

Nylon > Polyester > Acrylic

Nylon is highly durable under repeated friction, making it ideal for outerwear and industrial uses.

Functional Properties

 
These characteristics affect comfort, appearance, and usability.

Moisture Absorption (Hydrophilicity)

Wool and Cotton absorb moisture well (good for breathability)

Polyester and Nylon are hydrophobic (dry quickly, good for sportswear)
 

Thermal Insulation

Wool retains heat due to its crimped structure

Silk offers natural temperature regulation

Synthetic fibers like acrylic mimic wool’s insulation
 

Softness / Handfeel

Modal, Silk, and Lyocell are known for exceptional smoothness and drape

Linen and Ramie offer a crisp texture
 

Luster (Shine)

Silk, Acetate, and Cupro have a natural sheen

Matte finishes like cotton or wool can be altered by blending or finishing
 

Chemical Behavior

How fibers respond to chemicals during processing or use.

Acid/Alkali Resistance

Polyester: Highly resistant to both acids and alkalis

Silk & Wool: Sensitive to alkalis—require gentle detergents
 

Dye Affinity (Color Uptake)

Wool & Nylon: Excellent dye absorption—vibrant, deep colors

Polypropylene: Poor dyeability—often solution-dyed during fiber production
 

Flame Resistance (without added treatment)

Wool: Naturally flame-resistant

Cotton, Viscose: Flammable unless treated

Aramid fibers: Inherently flame-resistant

Fiber Identification Techniques

Accurate fiber identification is critical for textile quality control, research, recycling, and legal labeling. Techniques range from traditional hands-on methods to advanced scientific analysis. Below is an overview categorized by approach:

Traditional Methods

These are cost-effective, accessible techniques used in textile labs and classrooms. While less precise than advanced tools, they offer quick insights based on physical and chemical behavior.

Burning Test

Used to differentiate natural vs. synthetic or protein vs. cellulose fibers.

Wool (protein): Burns slowly, smells like burning hair, leaves a crushable ash

Cotton (cellulose): Burns quickly, smells like burning paper, leaves a soft gray ash

Polyester (synthetic): Melts and burns, has a sweet chemical odor, forms hard bead-like residue
 

Microscopy

Examines fiber shape and surface under a light microscope.

Cotton: Twisted ribbon-like structure

Linen: Bamboo-like cross-marked nodes

Wool: Scales visible on the fiber surface

Silk: Smooth filament with slight striations

Synthetic fibers: Uniform, rod-like, smooth surfaces

Advanced Tech

These high-precision methods are used in modern textile labs and forensic applications, especially when blends or chemically modified fibers are involved.

Hyperspectral Imaging + 1D-CNN (1-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network)

Combines imaging technology with machine learning for rapid, non-destructive fiber classification.

Achieves up to 98% accuracy in identifying pure and blended fiber types

Suitable for industrial-scale fiber sorting and recycling systems
 

FTIR Spectroscopy (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)

Analyzes molecular vibrations to detect chemical bonds in fibers.

Effective in identifying synthetic fibers and complex blends

Each fiber type produces a unique spectral "fingerprint"
 

DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) (optional additions)

DSC measures heat flow to identify melting points (useful for synthetics)

TGA analyzes weight loss during heating to determine fiber composition

Applications: TOP 10 Commonly Used Textile Fibers

Textile fibers are the foundation of the fabrics we use every day. After being spun into yarns and woven or knitted, these fibers become various textile fabrics used in everything from clothing to bedding and home décor. The processing usually takes place in textile mills, where raw fibers are transformed into finished fabrics through spinning, weaving, dyeing, and finishing.
 
Below are 10 of the most commonly used textile fibers in both home textiles and clothing industries, along with their general applications:
 

Home Textile Fibers

Many fibers are specially used to create bedding fabrics such as sheets, pillowcases, duvet covers, blankets, and mattress protectors. For detailed insight, check our blog on bedding fabric types and explore our bedding products.
These fibers are selected for their softness, durability, breathability, or thermal properties—ideal for bedding, towels, curtains, and upholstery.
 

 
For more details, visit our blog on bedding fabric types or explore our bedding product collection.
1. Cotton

The most widely used fiber in home textiles

Soft, breathable, and absorbent—ideal for sheets, duvet covers, and towels

2. Polyester

Durable and wrinkle-resistant

Used in bed sheets, cushion covers, and curtains, often blended with cotton

3. Linen

Natural, breathable, and textured

Popular for high-end bedding, table linens, and summer quilts

4. TENCEL / Lyocell

Eco-friendly and ultra-soft

Used in luxury bed linens and moisture-wicking pillowcases

5. Bamboo Viscose

Silky, breathable, and naturally antibacterial

Common in bedding, towels, and baby textiles

6. Viscose/Rayon

Smooth and soft

Sometimes blended into blankets, drapes, and decorative fabrics

7. Wool

Warm and insulating

Found in blankets, throws, and winter bedding

8. Silk

Luxurious and smooth

Used in pillowcases and premium bed linens for a cooling, skin-friendly feel

9. Microfiber (Polyester-based)

Ultra-fine synthetic fiber

Popular for affordable sheets, pillowcases, and cleaning cloths

10. Acrylic

Lightweight and warm

Used in throw blankets and cushion covers

Clothing Fibers

1. Cotton

Soft, breathable, and absorbent

Widely used in T-shirts, underwear, jeans, and bed linens

Ideal for both comfort and durability

2. Polyester

Strong, wrinkle-resistant, and quick-drying

Used in sportswear, outerwear, home furnishings, and blends

3. Viscose

Semi-synthetic fiber made from wood pulp

Soft, drapey, and silk-like; used in dresses, linings, and bedding

4. Nylon

Durable, elastic, and resistant to wear

Common in hosiery, swimwear, and performance gear

5. Wool

Natural insulating fiber from sheep

Used in sweaters, suits, blankets, and winter bedding

6. Silk

Luxurious natural fiber from silkworms

Lightweight, shiny, and smooth; used in sleepwear and luxury linens

7. TENCEl / Lyocell

Eco-friendly regenerated fiber from eucalyptus pulp

Known for softness and moisture-wicking; great for bed sheets and sustainable fashion

8. Acrylic

Lightweight synthetic with wool-like feel

Often used in sweaters, scarves, and blankets

9. Spandex

Highly elastic synthetic fiber

Used in activewear, underwear, and fitted garments

10. Linen

Natural fiber from flax plant

Breathable, textured, and cool; used in summer clothing and high-end bedding
 

Conclusion

Textile fibers made into the fabrics we use every day, from soft cotton bedsheets to high-performance synthetic wear. By understanding the classification—from natural, regenerated, to synthetic fibers—and their mechanical, chemical, and functional characteristics, professionals and consumers alike can make smarter decisions in material selection. As innovations continue in eco-friendly and smart textiles, staying informed about fiber properties and identification techniques remains essential for anyone working with or wearing fabrics.

FAQs

Can synthetic fibers be biodegradable?

→ Only a few synthetic fibers are biodegradable, such as certain types of bio-based polyester (bio-PET) and PLA (polylactic acid). However, these account for less than 5% of the market. Most conventional synthetic fibers like polyester, nylon, and acrylic are not biodegradable and can persist in the environment for decades.

How to identify fiber blends?

→ Burn test + solubility analysis

Fiber blends can be identified using a combination of burn tests, which reveal how the fiber reacts to flame and odor, and solubility analysis, which involves exposing the fabric to specific chemicals to determine its components. For more precise results, advanced methods like FTIR spectroscopy or microscopy are also used in textile labs.

Is polyester good for clothing?

→Yes, polyester is widely used in clothing due to its durability, wrinkle resistance, quick-drying properties, and affordability. However, it is less breathable than natural fibers like cotton, and it may retain odors. It's excellent for activewear and everyday use but may be less suitable for people with sensitive skin or those seeking eco-friendly options.

Is viscose better than cotton?

Both have their strengths. Viscose (a regenerated cellulose fiber) feels silky, drapes well, and absorbs dye richly, making it ideal for fashion garments. Cotton is more durable, breathable, and easier to care for. Viscose is often softer and smoother, while cotton is more resilient and better suited for frequent washing.

Is lyocell the same as Tencel?

  • Tencel is a brand name for high-quality lyocell fibers produced by the Austrian company Lenzing. While all Tencel is lyocell, not all lyocell is Tencel. Tencel lyocell is made with environmentally friendly processes and strict quality standards, making it a premium version of generic lyocell fibers.
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